Intellectual disabilities refer to limitations in cognitive functioning and adaptive behavior, which affect a person's ability to learn, reason, problem-solve, and achieve daily life skills. These disabilities typically manifest before the age of 18 and can range from mild to profound in severity. Research in this area focuses on understanding the causes, diagnoses, interventions, and support systems for individuals with intellectual disabilities. This includes studying genetic and environmental factors that contribute to these disabilities, developing assessments to identify and evaluate individuals with intellectual disabilities, and creating interventions and programs to help them live fulfilling and independent lives. Research in this area also explores the social, emotional, and educational needs of individuals with intellectual disabilities and seeks to promote inclusion, advocacy, and acceptance in society.